Education

   Most educators and trainers are familiar with Bloom’s Taxonomy, a model that classifies different levels of thinking, learning, and understanding. But in a digital age, we are thinking about it as Bloom’s Digital Taxonomy. This updated version expands upon the skills associated with each level as technology becomes a more essential and also as part of learning.  

There are six levels of digital capability. 

1. The first level is Remembering. In this level the users should be able to recognize terms that they were taught. 
2. The second level is Understanding. In this level the users are able to describe what they have learned. 
3. The third level is Applying. The users in this level are able to operate the device or software they have been learning.
4. The fourth level is to be able to Analyze. Users in this group should be able to organize, structure and integrate the device or software. 
5. The fifth level is Creating. The users in this level should be able to plan, design and construct using the the device or software. 
6. The highest level is Evaluating.  In this level the users should be able to check and critique the performance of  the device or software. 

What Is the Oxford Comma?

The Oxford comma is an optional comma before the word 'and' at the end of a list:

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It's known as the Oxford comma because it was traditionally used by printers, readers, and editors at Oxford University Press. However, this does not mean that it is fully promoted by the University of Oxford.

This is what the University of Oxford Style Guide says regarding the 'Oxford Comma':

"Note that there is no comma between the penultimate item in a list and ‘and’/‘or’, unless required to prevent ambiguity – this is sometimes referred to as the ‘Oxford comma’. However, always insert a comma in this position if it would help prevent confusion." 

           X He took French, Spanish, and Maths A-levels. 

• I ate fish and chips, bread and jam, and ice cream. 
• We studied George III, William and Mary, and Henry VIII. 

           X She left her money to her parents, Mother Theresa and the pope. 

Not all writers and publishers use it, but good writers use when it can clarify the meaning of a sentence or when the items in a list are not single words:

These items are available in black and white, red and yellow, and blue and green.

The use of Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous (progressive) can be a bit confusing, especially since they can be interchangeable in many sentences.

Let's look at experience:

• I have lived in Paris for 20 years.
• I have been living in Paris for 20 years.

In those two sentences, there is no difference in their meaning using Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous

However, the present perfect continuous often focuses on the action itself, while the present perfect simple focuses on the fact that the action is completed, or in simpler terms the action the subject (of the sentence) is doing versus the result to the object (of the sentence): 

1. Henry has been painting the ceiling.
2. Henry has painted the ceiling.

In the first sentence, we are focused on the action the subject (Henry) is doing. Whereas, in the second sentence, we are focused on the result of the action on the object (the ceiling). 

Often times we will emphasize the action in present perfect continuous by talking about the length of time i.e. 

"Henry has been painting the ceiling for 8 hours". 

While we might emphasize the amount of completed acts in present perfect simple i.e.

"Henry has painted 6 ceilings"

 A modal is a type of ‘helping’ verb used to express: ability, possibility, permission or obligation. The modals in English are:

1. Can/could/be able to

2. May/might

3. Shall/should

4. Must/have to

5. Will/would

A Perfect modals is not actually “perfect,” but they are called that because they use a modal verb  (could, should, might/may, must) followed by a perfect tense construction (“have” + past participle). Perfect modals are used to talk about past actions.

In this sentence we can see the contrast of the perfect modals with the simple modals

"I would if I could, but I can't so I won't"